A Juvenile Justice Case - 541 Words

After carefully reviewed all the facts, evidences and interviews of those associated in John’s case, as a judge, I would handle the case in a non-judicial way, require John to make restitution to the store in a form of community service and order his parents to cooperate in the treatment program. In case of John’s parents are unwilling to cooperate in the treatment programs, under the Parens Patriae concept, I would have to put him on probation in order to help deter John from committing crime in a future. In this report I will explain the reasons why. First, John is not considered delinquent because this was his first offense and based on his statements, it seemed to me that John wasn’t aware of the consequences that would follow his actions and furthermore, John simply had a mindset that his action was normal and that his friends did it all the time. This would place John under the Social Process Theories. The explanation of Social Process Theories according to the textbook, (Clemens F. B, Stuart J, 2011, p.70) â€Å"Social process theories examine the interactions between people and their environment that influence individuals to become involved in criminal or delinquent behaviors.† John’s behaviors were the result of bad influences and that he has learned that stealing was acceptable as many of his friends did it. Secondly, I would considered John as a victim himself because after reviewing the interview given from his mother; Joann, John would fall under the category of aShow MoreRelatedA Case of Juvenile Justice Essays1116 Words   |  5 PagesCharlie – A Case in Juvenile Justice Melissa Thomas CJ420 – Juvenile Justice Prof. Amy Ng December 4, 2012 Abstract Children are gifts from above and need guidance and love. If either one is absent then they are at risk of becoming juvenile offenders or career criminals. The juvenile justice system has many players that facilitate the tools for a juvenile to use an offense as a learning experience. The juvenile encounters three important individuals; the juvenile police officer, probationRead MoreOutgrowing Juvenile Justice: Jamal Vick Case Study Raises Essay606 Words   |  3 PagesIn Outgrowing Juvenile Justice, Michael Jonas (2001) raises several important issues concerning juvenile justice policies and practices. In discussing Jamal Vick, a range of youth crime issues surfaces, including: †¢ Balancing treatment verses punishment †¢ Responses to serious juvenile offenders o Waiver into the adult criminal justice system o Utilize the juvenile justice system o Blend elements of both the adult system and the juvenile system †¢ Youth in confinement o Growing numbers of youthRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice Process Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesThe Juvenile Justice Process: A Breakdown of the System Dana R Kirkland Strayer University Abstract Although based on the adult criminal justice system, the juvenile justice process works differently. Juveniles can end up in court by way of arrest, truancy or for curfew violations or running away. A youth may also be referred to the juvenile court system by school officials or a parent or guardian for being continuously disobedient. The juvenile justice process involves several different stepsRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Criminal Justice1368 Words   |  6 Pages The border between juvenile justice and criminal justice did not endure the juvenile court’s first century. By the 1980s, there was general disappointment with both the means and the ends of normal juvenile justice. As with every other social repair efforts, it is difficult to say whether frustration with juvenile justice was born of erroneous concept or of wretched execution. The administering accepted by justice policy, however, was unmistakable. Juvenile courts began to adopt the sentiment andRead MoreStatus Offenders, Dependent and Neglected Youths, and Juvenile Victimizations1872 Words   |  7 PagesDependent and Neglected Youths, and Juvenile Victimizations: As they come into contact with the juvenile justice system different, delinquent youths are treated differently in this system. Notably, the jurisdiction of this system and its courts also extends to non-delinquent youths like dependent and neglected youths, and status offenders. However, non-delinquents are not only viewed differently but they are also treated separately from delinquents. In most cases, non-delinquents are regarded as childrenRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And The Criminal Justice System860 Words   |  4 PagesOnce youth is committed a crime he or she must face the criminal justice. Whether it is simple face to face contact with the police officer or trip to juvenile facility, juvenile is becoming part of the criminal justice system. For many youth it is their first contact with the justice system however for some others it is a very familiar process. So once juvenile is making face to face contact with the police officers, his life is in the hands of that officer w ho can make very important and sometimeRead MoreJuvenile vs Adult Justice System Essay989 Words   |  4 PagesAdult Justice v Juvenile Justice System There is no question that if a person is involved in any type of crime they will at some time make their way through the justice system. However, when that person is an adolescent they will go through the juvenile justice system, as an adult would go through the adult justice system. Even though the crimes of each can be of the same manner or hold the same severity the punishment results can differ. The main reason for having the two different justiceRead MoreComment On The Juvenile Justice System943 Words   |  4 Pagesincreased punitiveness in juvenile justice. When is it appropriate to have cases involving murder or rape be heard in juvenile courts, and when should they be heard in adult court? Please be specific. It has been understood by society that juveniles have been committing more serious crimes while the juvenile justice system had also become lenient with juvenile offenders. They were only getting a ‘slap on the risk’ as some members of society interpreted it, by the juvenile justice. This therefore led toRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Is Creating A Criminal Class758 Words   |  4 PagesSuch reactions and critiques of the juvenile justice system enforce the notion that the juvenile system is creating a criminal class. Black’s theory states that patterns of relationships between the parties involved in a case predict the styles and forms of social control, relationships between intimates would result in more informal handling of cases. Law and formal control arise when informal control is weak and unavailable. Legal control by the state develops when social control of familiesRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System And Juveniles1663 Words   |  7 Pagesthe criminal justice system and juveniles, there have been many landmark cases that have made a significant impact on the juvenile justice system. The cases arise from dealing with certain aspects that comes from handling juveniles entering the system. Since juveniles are very different from adults they have to deal with them a certain way and a case by case basis. The court cases concerning juveniles and the decisions that have come from them is what has made what the juvenile justice system is today

What Are the Statistics on Cooperative Learning Free Essays

WHAT ARE THE STATISTICS ON COOPERATIVE LEARNING ANYWAY? Cooperative learning has been debated by educators for a long time and continues to be questioned today. Many educators feel that cooperative learning strips students of the benefits of direct instruction. Proponents of homogeneous learning tend to stray from cooperative learning because it seems to deprive gifted students of learning with their gifted peers. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Statistics on Cooperative Learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Five studies will be summarized that look at different aspects of cooperative learning: effects with the learning disabled, the advantage of helping behaviors, math achievement, strategic reading in groups, social support, and heterogeneous vs. homogeneous grouping. A study was conducted to find out if students with learning difficulties interacted positively in cooperative learning groups. This study also looked at the importance of training students to work together as opposed to just putting them in groups to complete tasks (Gillies Ashman, 2000). The study looked at 152 third grade students from Australia. Twenty-two of those students had learning difficulties (12 boys and 10 girls). The students were randomly placed in cooperative learning groups of five to six students consisting of one high-ability student, two medium-ability students, and one low-ability student. The Otis-Lennon School Ability Test measured learning ability and grade level readiness. An ANOVA test showed no significant difference between the structured groups (those trained to work cooperatively) and the unstructured groups (those not trained to work together) at the onset of the study. During the study period the structured group received the treatment of cooperative learning training before completing a social studies unit (independent variable). The unstructured group was encouraged to work together as a group and given the same time period to complete the social studies unit, but they never received training for such group work. The students were videotaped twice during the study to observe behaviors and interactions, and they were given comprehension and word reading pre- and posttests. The researchers focused their findings on the students with learning difficulties. There was no significant difference in the behaviors of students in the structured or unstructured groups. However, there were significant findings regarding group interactions. Those students in the structured groups interacted and benefited from interactions significantly more than students in the unstructured groups. Students in the structured group also reached greater achievement on the comprehension posttest than those from the unstructured groups. No significant findings resulted in the word reading posttest between the two groups. The authors did find that this study supported that students with learning difficulties do benefit from working in small, structured cooperative groups (Gillies Ashman, 2000). Nattiv’s study of cooperative learning (1994) focused on four topics: Do helping behaviors found in cooperative groups have a link to achievement gains in third, fourth, and fifth grade math students? Did gender, grade, or ability level within cooperative groups affect achievement? Do all helping behaviors benefit academic achievement? Does gender, grade, or ability level have an effect on the helping behaviors exhibited? Nattiv, 1994)). The subjects included 36 third-grade students, 34 fourth-grade students, and 31 fifth-grade students. Fifty-four of those students were male and the remaining 47 were females. The children were ability grouped from the results of the California Test of Basic Skills and the Southwest Regional Lab (both math assessments). Males and females were separately grouped as high- , medium-, and low-ability. The author states that these pretest results could be seen as achievement rather than ability, but the teachers of the students were consulted about the placement of the students (Nattiv, 1994). All of the students received direct instruction, modeling, and practice of helping behaviors in cooperative group learning. Teachers also received training in this area. The groups, then, participated in grade-level appropriate math units. Students were further encouraged to work cooperatively because individual improvement on assessments also earned team points. Data was collected by audio and video recordings. The research team hypothesized that helping behaviors would be related to achievement. Achievement gain would be used as the dependent variable and would be measured by an ANCOVA test. The team found that there was a significant relationship to students using helping behaviors in cooperative learning groups to academic achievement gain. The only behaviors that did not show significant growth were the giving and receiving of answers without explanation (Nattiv, 1994). Another study conducted in Southeastern United States focused on a different type of cooperative learning called Collaborative Strategic Reading. Klingner, Vaughn, and Schumm (1998) sought to discover if this program would be effective in a heterogeneous classroom. They further wanted to analyze reading comprehension, social studies content, and student interactions in conjunction with this technique (Klingner, Vaughn, Schumm, 1998). The participants included 141 students. Eighty-five students were split into three classes to represent the treatment group (or intervention condition), and 56 students were split into two classes to represent the control condition. To ensure equal groupings the students were assessed with the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement, then paired and randomly assigned to conditions. Both conditions received the same instruction, number of sessions, time periods per session, and homework activities. The intervention condition received instructions on how to use specific reading strategies to read strategically. The strategies were modeled, practiced, used in small groups, and then encouraged when students broke off into their cooperative groups of five to six students. The control condition received direct instruction for the same social studies material and participated in all lessons as a whole group. Sessions within the intervention condition were audiotaped to hear student interactions. The Gates-MacGinitie Standardized Reading test and a social studies unit test served as dependent variables to measure student achievement. The researchers of this study did find these strategies to be successful. The strategies caused the students of the intervention condition to participate more and discuss more academic content. The students also received higher achievement gains in reading comprehension, while also finding success on the social studies testing. LD students and LEP students did not show statistically significant growth, but did show some growth. Not all of the strategies proved to be successful for the intervention condition, but most did serve their purpose (Klingner, et al. , 1998). Johnson, Johnson, Buckman, and Richards (2001) were only interested in the social aspects of cooperative learning. â€Å"The purpose of the present study was to determine whether cooperative learning experiences are related to social support in the classroom,† (Johnson, Johnson, Buckman, Richards, 2001). The researchers used The Classroom Life Instrument to measure their data. It included 59 Likert-type questions rating statements on a five point scale of truthfulness. The measure was taken in November and January of the same school year. The sample included five eighth-grade classes with 45 girls and 46 boys. They were divided by those who reported being in cooperative groups less than half of the time (35 students) and participating half of the time or more (56 students). The hypothesis was that students would feel more social support in classrooms experiencing cooperative learning more often. Between November and January, research found that students did indeed feel more support with more exposure to cooperative learning. Support was felt by teachers and other students. Students felt more comfortable with materials presented and felt less alienated in the classroom. Students felt more responsible for what they were doing and had a better relationship among classmates both academically and personally (Johnson, et al. , 2001). Grouping students heterogeneously is typically a cooperative learning â€Å"must. Watson and Marshall (1995) wanted to test that theory in a study comparing the effectiveness of heterogeneous grouping and homogeneous grouping in cooperative task structures (Watson Marshall, 1995). Thirty-five undergraduate elementary education students in a life science class were chosen to participate in this study. In this 13 week treatment, the independent variable was in the grouping of students. Six of the groups were arranged heterogeneously and six groups wer e arranged homogeneously. All groups were exposed to cooperative task structures, cooperative incentive structures, and individual accountability. Control was measured by the National Association of Biology Teachers/ National Science Teachers Association test (form A) before the treatment began. The dependent variable was taken from the results of the NABT/NSTA (form B) posttest. A five-item, five-point Liken scale was used to measure student response to the cooperative learning experiences. The authors felt that greater achievement would be gained by students heterogeneously placed in cooperative learning groups. They were rejected. Findings indicated no significant difference in test results from the heterogeneous groups to the homogeneous groups. In fact, in measuring the students’ perceptions of their experiences the homogeneous groups rated their experiences higher than those of the heterogeneous groups. The authors concluded that further studies should be done to find out if heterogeneous grouping is the most beneficial in all cooperative learning tasks (Watson Marshall, 1995). I am a strong supporter, and user, of cooperative learning. I feel that students best learn from the modeling of those they can relate to most: their peers. After reviewing these studies I have not only gained a better understanding of what might be needed to strengthen cooperative learning in the education of my students, but I also feel validated in my use of cooperative learning as an effective learning tool. While some of the researchers did reject initial hypotheses, all of them showed value in the practice of cooperative learning. It is important to teach students how to work cooperatively, model good helping behaviors, and help students to receive not only strong academic support but strong social support as well. Finally, heterogeneous grouping may not be best in every experience in the classroom. Different group experiences may be needed to enhance the benefits. References Gillies, R. M. Ashman, A. F. (2000). The effects of cooperative learning on students with learning difficulties in the lower elementary school. Journal of Special Education, 34(1), 19-27. Johnson, D. W. , Johnson, R. T. , Buckman, L. A. , Richards, P. S. (2001). The effect of prolonged implementation of cooperative learning on social support within the classroom. The Journal of Psychology, 119(5), 405-411. Klingner, J. K. , Vaughn, S. , Schumm, J. S. (1998). Collaborative strategic reading during social studies in heterogeneous fourth-grade classrooms. The Elementary School Journal, 99(1), 3-22. Nattiv, A. (1994). Helping behaviors and math achievement gain of students using cooperative learning. The Elementary School Journal, 94(3), 285-297. Watson, S. B. Marshall, J. E. (1995). Heterogeneous grouping as an element of cooperative learning in an elementary education science course. School Science Mathematics, 95(8), 401-406. How to cite What Are the Statistics on Cooperative Learning, Papers

Strategic Management and Leadership for Rose - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Management and Leadership for Golden Rose. Answer: The policy that we wish to create will be carried out by an organization or rather a company called Golden Rose Sydney whose objectives will be based on importation of preserved flowers. In addition, the organization will be marketing the imported roses to wholesalers and retailers. Business case - Brief statement as to why this organisation needs a Diversity Policy for example. Nature of the business (What business are you in?) Golden Rose Sydney Company is a business organization that deals with importation of preserved roses. Later on, the company supply the imported roses to middlemen such as wholesalers and retailers. Both the wholesalers and retailers are the main target for the business. Those two clients will then distribute the roses to the final consumer base of customers and consumers lists of preference. For that reason, Golden Rose Sydney require a diversified policy. A diversified policy typically refers to a business strategy that business enterprise applies to make sure the commodity under consideration is well managed to reach the final user at the most appropriate time without causing delays associated to risks of uncertainty. Therefore, Golden Rose Sydney will highly employ diversity policy since the nature of the product under consideration is exposed to risks of damage if not well handled (Richard 2013). Diversity means application of different policies in a collective manner to assist m arketing process along with other relevant processes involving a particular product form production to consumption time frames. As a fact, roses are very perishable if not well preserved. In that case, a diversified policy would be necessary to prolong their nature so as to avoid losses associated to perishability of these roses. Client profile. The main clients of Golden Rose Sydney are the wholesalers and retailers. Therefore, the company need to play the cards well when dealing with the two clients. These two clients form a part of intermediaries involved in business operations. Another client involved in this business is the source where the roses are imported from. In that case, a well-diversified policy is needed by Golden Rose Sydney based in the asserted Client Profile. For ascertain this, the source of these roses need to be informed about the import in the most appropriate time. In that case, orders regarding to the importation process need to done prior to the actual day of importation. This will facilitate proper packaging of the roses to avoid damage (Richard 2013). This will also ensure that all the custom duties levied on these roses are paid in good time to avoid delay during collection from the airport or the seaport. For the case of wholesalers and retailers, a diversity policy is need so as to empower the in the resale of these product in order to have a smooth flow of business operations.8 Describe the expected benefits, for the organisation, to be gained from implementing a Diversity Policy ie will the business be more efficient/ effective/profitable? Application of diversity policy will be very beneficial to Golden Rose Sydney if well implemented. There will be more profits that will be generated by applying diversity policy. First, roses imported will be in larger quantities because a diversity policy is a form of marketing strategy this will assist Golden Rose Sydney to venture more areas to sell the product. Will increased sales, definitely the profits generated will as well increase significantly (Neil 2016). For efficiency and effectiveness, diversity policy plays a major role in operation of business activities in Golden Rose Sydney. This is because, through application of diversity policy, the company will be able to access the source for imports in good time as well as to access the wholesalers and retailer in appropriate times. Thus, cases of delay and damage of roses is being reduced significantly. Time factor will be integrated from all channels of distribution if diversity policy is factored in by Golden Rose Sydney. Explain how you will incorporate the following legislation into your policy: Commonwealth Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Act This is a very important act as far as Golden Rose Sydney Company is concerned. This is because the company will be dealing with international community just like this act is based on international standards. In that connection, to incorporate this act, Golden Rose Sydney Company will offer good working conditions to the workers without limiting their human rights (Neil 2016). Finally, the company will offer employment opportunities to all individual so as to incorporate both genders, to incorporates individual of different races, religion, skin color and other aspects of human life. By doing that, we will be creating equal opportunities to a wider cohort of people. Commonwealth Racial Discrimination Act/s This is another aspect of common wealth act that need to be adhered to and incorporated by all business organizations. In this act, the company will offer employment opportunities to all individual so as to incorporate both genders, to incorporates individual of different races, religion, skin color and other aspects of human life (McGregor 2012). By doing that, we will be creating equal opportunities to a wider cohort of people. The company will not discriminate the workers based on their skin color, religion, gender and race. This will promote international relation in the business setup and attraction of customers from different sources. Commonwealth Sex Discrimination Act The company will incorporate both genders in job opportunities. This will be done by creating equal opportunities (Maslow 2013). In that case, no individual will be left out due to gender. Commonwealth Disability Discrimination Act Another act that need to be incorporated in this business based on human ability. I believe disability is not inability (Ryan Deci 2017). In that case, Golden Rose Sydney will offer special positions to disabled individuals. They can be used in branding roses to final users. Name the key stakeholders you will consult when developing the policy. How will you explain the benefits of the policy to them? The key stakeholders in this policy will include the wholesalers, retailers, import authority, taxation authority and golden rose Sydney workers. All these workers need to work together as a team if this policy will be in a position to achieve the set objectives in a given time frame. The benefits of the diversity policy will be enjoyed by every stake holder. For the case of wholesalers and retailers, the policy will benefit them since more customers will be willing to purchase roses from them. This that, will be frequent supply of roses to wholesalers and retailers as demand and supply mechanisms suggest. Import authority will be able to benefit from huge imports due to high demand of roses by final consumer (Richard 2013). For the case of taxation authority, the company will be able to pay custom duty with avoidance. Finally, Golden Rose Sydney workers will gain commissions and remunerations from any extra work. How will you promote the benefits of the policy to members of your Organisation? The government will be able to generate revenue from the activities of taxation authority, the company will be able to pay custom duty with avoidance. Again, Golden Rose Sydney workers will gain commissions and remunerations from any extra work. Finally, if the policy is well initiated and implemented, there is high likelihood of reduction in costs of importation and reduction in payment of custom duties levied on the imports. If this is done accurately, Golden Rose Sydney Company will generate more profits (Richard 2013). Some of this profit will be invested. Another portion will be given to members of this organizations in terms of motivation tokens, remunerations and dividends. How will you measure the impact of your policy? The impact of implementation of this policy will be measured from the benefits obtained from the activities conducted based on the policy. In that case, the company may employ time strategy to target the timeframe required to achieve the objectives. Therefore, if the objectives are achieved within the provided timeframe, then the policy incorporated would have become effective (Thomas 2009). Again, if the benefits associated to this policy are gathered within the timeframe, then, the policy will be ranked effective, efficient and profitable. How will you monitor the effectiveness of your policy? The effectiveness of the policy will be based on quantity of benefits gathered by Golden Rose Sydney Company. If the members of the company are able to gain the benefits within the most appropriate time, then the policy will be effective. We can also monitor the effectiveness of the policy by monitoring the quantity of sale and marketing process. If the quantity sold in a given timeframe increase, then the policy will be effective (Shang Chin 2015). If the sales made decrease, then the policy is not effective. Who would you consult when recommending changes to the policy? Once a policy is initiated and implemented, what follows is monitoring the benefits accredited to this policy. At times, a business enterprise may realize that a policy under implementation is not fully sustaining. Therefore, there could be a need to change from such a policy to another (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009). In that case, there is need for close consolations. The best consultant for the policy would be other investors carrying out similar activities. This is because, they tend to have the same problems when implementing policies. They will assist in solving challenges associated to a particular policy. The company can also consult business experts and policy makers for different ideas that can be converted into a policy. References Maslow, AH 2013, A Theory of Human Motivation, Start publishing LLC. McGregor, D 2012, the Human Side of Enterprise, New Yolk, 21. Neil 2016, Authentic Leadership. The Authentic Leader. Richard, A 2013, Job Satisfaction from Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Perspective, Grin publishing. Ryan, RM., Deci, EL 2017, Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Need in Motivation, development and Wellness, The Guilford press. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A 2009, Research methods for business students, Pearson. Shang, W Chin, C 2015, Does supervisor-perceived authentic leadership influence employee work engagement through employee-perceived authentic leadership and employee trust? The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 26:18, 2329-2348, DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2015.1025234. Thomas, KW 2009, Intrinsic Motivation: What Really Drives Employees Engagement, Berret-Koehler publishers.

Traditional Hydroponics Systems free essay sample

Aeroponics is the process of growing plants in air or mist environment without the use of soil. Not to be confused with hydroponics or peeponics, aeroponics is the process of spraying or fogging the roots of the plants with a nutrient solution. The plants are usually housed in troughs, tubes or foam, with the leafy part of the plants separate from the roots. Moreover, the roots are usually fully exposed and constantly sprayed with micro bursts of atomized water. Why aeroponics are used? Since plants have access to oxygen 24/7 they generally will experience faster growth than conventional means Water and nutrient used efficiently Less need for nutrients and water than traditional hydroponics systems no need to worry about weeding takes up very little space Can be made as a DIY project It uses considerably less energy and water than traditional agriculture. systems can be built as a DIY project Disadvantages of aeroponics you will need to provide nutrients as with hydroponics requires electricity for small pumps and timers as with hydroponics, you will need some form of competency to run system can be an expensive system to buy In the beginning you need to monitor the water Root crops and trees are much more difficult to grow Final words on aeroponics Aeroponics has been tested to grow cleaner, more consistent herbs like burdock at the University of Arizona’s College of Agricultural and Life Sciences. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Hydroponics Systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Research at the Cornell University Cooperative Extension has found that aeroponics is the most efficient means of growing leafy greens. Greens can become contaminated with soil pathogens and bacteria like e.coli, but aeroponics greatly reduces these risks. That is what all the research says. Practically, aeroponics would seem a perfect fit for also growing small potatoes. Hydroponics give more harvest but smaller and fewer tubers than aeroponics. However, from the pitcher one can see how much easier harvesting  the potatoes will be over hydroponics or traditional grown potatoes. Types of Aeroponics Low-pressure units High-pressure devices Commercial systems The modern 21st century aeroponics are Contemporary aeroponics Aeroponic bio-pharming Large scale integration of aeroponics Hydroponics is a method of growing plants in a nutrient solution without soil. The plants, which are usually grown in shallow trays, are supported by an inert growing medium such as gravel, mineral wool, or perlite. Greenhouse is an ideal place for hydroponic gardening. Temperature and humidity can be maintained in the growing range that is best for plants, creating a nearly perfect environment. Benefits of Hydroponics *No soil is needed for hydroponics. *Lower water costs. * Lower nutrition costs. *No nutrition pollution is released into the environment because of the controlled system. *Stable and high yields. *Pests and diseases are easier to get rid of than in soil because of the container’s mobility. *It is easier to harvest. *No pesticide damage. *Plants grow healthier. *It is better for consumption. Disadvantages Without soil as a buffer, any failure to the hydroponic system leads to rapid plant death. Techniques The two main types of hydroponics are Solution culture Medium culture. The three main types of solution cultures are static solution culture continuous-flow solution culture Aeroponics There are two main variations for each medium are sub-irrigation top irrigation

Spanish Influenza essays

Spanish Influenza essays Influenza is and acute infectious and Contagious disease sometimes becoming Pandemic. It is characterized by an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. Epidemics of this disease have been recorded as early as 1510. The Influenza pandemic of 1918 killed 600,000 people in the United States and more than 25 million people worldwide. It was called the Spanish flu because of a large outbreak of the disease that occurred in Spain in 1918. The origin of this influenza variation is not exactly known it is thought to have begun in china in a rare genetic variation of the influenza virus. The virus however may have originated among US soldiers in Kansas; about 500 men there were infected among 48 were listed as having pneumonia. Those who survived the epidemic carried the disease to Europe where in the summer of 1918 over one and one half million U.S. soldiers were sent to fight in the First World War. Whatever its origin by September 1918 the virus had spread to the civilian population of America It first reached epidemic proportions in Boston and then spread to New York, Philadelphia and beyond. In July 1918 Philadelphias Bureau of public health has issued a statement about Spanish Influenza. But health officials had not listed influenza as a reportable disease this denial of the danger of what was happening lead to people taking foolish risk. On September 28, 1918 a 4th Liberty Loan Drive parade was attended by 200,000 people and since Influenza is spread by breathing within days of the parade 635 new cases of the virus were reported and on October 6 289 people died. Most of the cities doctors and nurses were in Europe to support US involvement on the war there. Many people in Philadelphia died because they did not get proper medical treatment. The City sent out open trucks called death wagons to pick up corpse from wooden boxes on front porche ...

Adjectives vs Adverbs for ACT English Grammar Rule

Adjectives vs Adverbs for ACT English Grammar Rule SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You may recall the good ol’ days of elementary school when you learned about adjectives and adverbs. If you had realized that you would have to know about these parts of speech for the ACT, perhaps you would have paid better attention instead of daydreaming about Nickelodeon and The Disney Channel. Don’t worry. If you’ve forgotten or never learned about these parts of speech, I’ll teach you everything you need to know about them for the ACT English section. In this post, I'll do the following: Define an adjective. Define an adverb. Review the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives. Explain how adjectives and adverbs are tested in ACT English. Provide practice questions to test you on what you've learned. What Is an Adjective? Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns. Here's an example: The movie was boring. The word "boring" is the adjective because it modifies the noun "movie." Check out one more example sentence with an adjective: The diligent student was admitted to the college of his dreams. The word "diligent" modifies the noun "student." Adjectives describe or provide more information about a noun. Now, let's define an adverb. What is an Adverb? In elementary school, you may have learned that adverbs modify verbs, but that's not all. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. This is an example of an adverb modifying a verb: The dancer moved gracefully. The word "gracefully" modifies the verb "moved." Check out this sentence with an adverb modifying an adjective: The reading comprehension passage was incredibly boring. The word "incredibly" modifies the adjective "boring" that modifies the noun "passage." And, finally, this is a sentence with an adverb modifying another adverb: When I'm not in a hurry, I walk extremely slowly. The word "extremely" modifies the adverb "slowly." The word "slowly" modifies the verb "walk." You may have noticed the adverb form is typically created the same way. Adverb Construction Adverbs are usually formed by adding "ly" to the adjective. For adverbs that end in "y," the adverb is formed by adding "ily." Here are some examples: "quick" becomes "quickly," "soft" becomes "softly," "close" becomes "closely," and "hasty" becomes "hastily." So if you say that somebody"talks slow" or "drives careful," you're making a grammar error. You should say, "talks slowly" or "drives carefully." How are adjectives and adverbs tested on the ACT? Adjectives vs. Adverbs on the ACT On the ACT, adverbs and adjectives will be switched with one another. Often, you will be given a pair of underlined words and the first should be an adverb (modifying the adjective) and the second should be an adjective. Here is an example: Unfortunately, the lead performer in the musical is an amazingly poorly singer. A. NO CHANGE B. amazing poorly C. amazingly poor D. amazing poor In the sentence, "amazingly" modifies "poorly." The word "poorly" modifies the singer. Because "singer" is a noun, "poorly" should be in the adjective form. Only adjectives can modify nouns. Because "amazingly" modifies an adjective, it should remain in the adverb verb. The answer is C. Some sentences will use an adjective in the place of an adverb or vice versa: The powerfully summer sun beat down on them. It was the sun that was powerful, not "summer." Because only an adjective can modify a noun, "powerfully" should be in the adjective form. This is the correct version of the sentence: The powerful summer sun beat down on them. How should you go about figuring out adjective vs. adverb questions on the ACT? Strategy Determine what word an adjective or adverb is modifying. Then, determine the part of speech of the word that is being modified to check to see if the adjective or adverb is being used correctly. Adjectives can only modify nouns and adverbs can only modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Make sure that adjectives are in the adjective form and adverbs are in the adverb form. Apply these tips to an adjective vs. adverb question from an actual ACT. Actual ACT Examples Try to correctly answer this adjective vs. adverb question. On each wing, all flighted birds have ten primary flight feathers, each one shaped slight different. F. NO CHANGE G. slight differently. H. slightly differently J. slightly more different Explanation: First, we see that both underlined words are in the adjective form. Next, we have to determine the function of each word in the sentence. Is each word being properly used as an adjective? Let’s start with â€Å"different." What is â€Å"different† modifying? How the feathers were shaped. â€Å"Shaped† is a verb. Therefore, â€Å"different† should be in the adverb form, â€Å"differently." What is â€Å"slight† modifying? The adverb â€Å"differently." Therefore, â€Å"slight† should also be in the adverb form. The answer is H, â€Å"slightly differently." Now, let's take a look at another issue tested on the ACT that involves adjectives and adverbs. Comparatives Vs. Superlatives Comparatives The comparative form of an adjective is formed by adding "er" to the word or "MORE" + the adjective. Examples of comparatives include "stronger," "lighter," and "more interesting." Never use "more" with the "er" form. You can't write "more stronger" or "more lighter." The comparative form is only used when you are comparing two things. Typically, you use the "er" form for words with one syllable and "more" + adjective for words with two or more syllables. One exception is that two syllable words that end in "y" tend to use the "er" form. Examples: "funny" becomes "funnier" and "busy" becomes "busier." Here's an example of a comparative being used correctly: Macs are easier to use than PCs. The comparative "easier" is being used to compare two things: Macs and PCs. So what form do you use to compare three or more things? Superlatives The superlative form of an adjective is formed by adding "est" to the word or "MOST" + the adjective. Examples of superlatives include "strongest," "lightest," and "most fascinating." You can never use "most" with the "est" form. It's incorrect to write "most funniest" or "most strongest." The superlative form is only used when comparing three or more things. Typically, words with one syllable use the "est" form and words with two or more syllables use "most" + adjective. This is an example of a correctly used superlative: Of all the computer brands, Macs are the easiest to use. When using "all" and not specifying a number, it's implied that you're talking about more than two so you should use the superlative form. Check out this example of a superlative being used incorrectly: Between John and Suzy, Suzy is the quietest. Remember that the superlative can only be used when comparing three or more things. There are only two in this sentence: John and Suzy. To fix the error, "quietest" should be changed to the comparative form, "quieter." How does the ACT test your knowledge of comparatives and superlatives? Comparatives and Superlatives on the ACT The ACT tests proper construction of comparatives and superlatives. You must know that comparatives are only used for comparing two things and superlatives are used for comparing three or more. Here are some tips to help you solve comparative and superlative questions on the ACT. Strategy Comparative and superlative rules are relatively basic. Remember this information and you should be able to correctly answer any ACT English question about them. If a comparative is underlined, make sure only two things are being compared. Never use "more" with the "er" form. Use the "er" form for one syllable words. If a superlative is underlined, make sure three or more things are being compared. Never use "most" with the "est" form. Use the "est" form for one syllable words. Use your knowledge of comparatives and superlatives to answer this real ACT English question. Actual ACT Example Here is a comparative/superlative question taken from a real ACT. The two principal types of kayaks are the easily maneuverable white-water kayak and the largest sea kayak. F. NO CHANGE G. very biggest H. more large J. larger Explanation: Because the word underlined is in the superlative form, we need to check to see if the superlative form is being used correctly. What is being compared in the sentence? The white-water kayak and the sea kayak. Only two things are being compared, so you have to use the comparative form. The sentence even says, â€Å"The TWO principal types of kayaks." Also, â€Å"large† is a one syllable word so you should use the â€Å"er† form instead of â€Å"more large." The answer is J. Here are some tips to help you answer all questions relating to adjectives and adverbs on the ACT. General Strategies for Adjectives and Adverbs on ACT English #1: If an Adjective or Adverb is Underlined, Make Sure the Word is Being Used Correctly On the ACT, adjectives and adverbs will often be placed next to each other and both words will be underlined. Make sure that adjectives are in adjective form and adverbs are in adverb form. #2: Determine the Part of Speech of the Word that the Adjective or Adverb Is Modifying Determine if a word is an adjective or an adverb by identifying the part of speech of the word it modifies. Adjectives modify nouns and adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. #3: If a Comparative or Superlative Is Underlined, Make Sure the Word Is Being Used Correctly Comparatives Comparatives only compare two things. Proper comparative structure is the "er" form or "MORE" + adjective. Never use "MORE" with the "er" form. Use the "er" form for one syllable words. Superlatives Superlatives compare three or more things. Proper superlative construction is the "est" form or "MOST" + adjective. Never use "MOST" with the "est" form. Use "est" for one syllable words. Additional Practice I created these realistic practice problems to test your knowledge of adjectives and adverbs on the ACT. Enjoy! 1. The young student was disillusioned with school; he found his classes boring, and he thought economics was his most boringly class. A. NO CHANGE B. most boring C. more boring D. more boringly 2. Because my friend is better at math than I am, he can more easily solve complex trigonometry questions. A. NO CHANGE B. more easier C. most easy D. easily 3. Chris Farley was a very gifted entertainer who left an extremely profound impact on Saturday Night Live. A. NO CHANGE B. extremely profoundly C. extreme profound D. extreme profoundly 4. Joe decided to attend Stanford because it was the more prestigious school that accepted him. A. NO CHANGE B. more prestigiously C. most prestigious D. most prestigiously Answers: 1. B, 2. A, 3. A, 4. C What's Next Keep improving the skills that will help you master the ACT English section. Read this article about the best way to approach ACT English. For those of you focusing on learning ACT grammar, I highly you recommend you check out these posts on faulty modifiers and punctuation. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this English lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

How have African-Americans Worked to End Segregation, Discrimination, Essay

How have African-Americans Worked to End Segregation, Discrimination, and Isolation to Attain Equality and Civil Rights - Essay Example With some clever and much-needed moves, they have come out of the stigma that gauged people based on their skin color. This is no more a scenario in US. These people have broken the hard chains and have come out of the discrimination, segregation and isolation. Not only have they come out of the problems surrounding them but have also attained equality in all terms as well as civil rights (Turner-Sadler, 2009, p. 4-11). One of the most important things that played a major role in the fight against discrimination is the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This particular act served as a saving grace for the people as it prevented discrimination on grounds of race, color, national origin or religion among the people. This stand was practiced in both normal activities in the country as well as for employment purposes. Afro-Americans successfully found their way to the top in all sphere of life, be it politically, socially as well as economically. After the Second World War, the Afr ican-Americans moved to some of the commercial cities in the northern and western parts. Usually, the black population is found to be more in the Southern regions. In course of time, the people started moving to other areas where opportunities are more and were a good platform for education was found. This segregation happened in a smooth manner and was made possible by the Civil Rights Act (Wynn, 2010, 30-55). There are lots of aspects that led to the upbringing of the Afro-Americans and one of the most important of all is their political influence. They came to know the importance of attaining political status and worked towards it. In few years, there were lots of African-American leaders in US. Intensity of support is more now and US now boasts of an African-American President at its realm. The first step towards the infusion of African-Americans into the political scenario took place in a slow yet steady manner that paved way for greater stability. Colburn and Adler (2001, pp. 45-75) points out that the political influence that the African-American population gained paved way for development. Richard Hatcher, an African American became the mayor in 1967 which was the beginning of the better phase for the group. With this move, came about a sea of positive changes in the US. Thus through a strong political footage, the African-Americans gained civil rights. Followed by the political affluences came the social status and other perks associated with it. Earlier, discrimination was found in all spheres of life right from jobs, positions and education as well. One of the most dreaded forms of discrimination that is found even now in some parts of the US is that of the employment discrimination. Some sort of discrimination will lead to a lot of adverse situations in the country. If there is no proper employment opportunity for the group then there will not be any sort of developments which may keep that particular society in darkness. In due course of time, thi s may even affect the country at large. There seems to be a significant development in terms of economy as well among the black population. The African-Americans have come to realize the importance of education, political and social status. Conrad (2005, p. 341) rightly points out that there has been a great development in the economical aspect with relation to the African population in America. One of the most important aspects that led

Halo 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Halo 4 - Essay Example Halos are a special ring like structures quite similar to Orbitals of the solar system. Halo: combat Evolved also known as Halo: CE or Halo is the first game of the Halo Series that was released in 2001 and considered as the Killer app for Xbox gaming system. About five million copies of Halo: CE was sold within four years after its release that forced Microsoft to launch its computer versions. Second part of the Halo sequel was launched in 2004 on Xbox and later the Microsoft version for computer in 2007. The game was improved with multiplayer maps. Also, players can alternatively choose the role of a human and alien in a war that made the game more interesting. Halo 3 is the third part of the halo sequel that concluded the ‘story arc’ which continued for the previous 2 parts of the series. Halo 3 sold more that US $170 million worth copies in the first day of release that broke all the previous records. A new version of Halo 3: ODST was released in 2009 known as â€Å"Orbital Drop Shock Troopers†. Players are given the choice of two modes of playing that they can choose from. One is ‘Campaign mode’ and the other is ‘Firefight’. It is a multiplayer game with more difficult enemy line to kill and survive for longer. After releasing Halo 3 in 2007, Bungie split up in two teams, one created the ODST version while others created Reach. It came up with a new story line taking place in 2552, where humans are locked with aliens. Covenant attack the human world and players fight them back by controlling the soldier named Noble Six. Halo: CEA is an advanced form of Halo: Combat Evolved. It was released alongside of Halo 4 in 2011 by a large number of companies. It was a more advanced game with extra-ordinary features including new maps, multiplayer, Xbox live service. The game was the first that supported the Kinect in the whole series. Halo 4 is the first part of the new trilogy that was named â€Å"Reclaimer Trilogy† It was

DropBox Case Essay Example for Free

DropBox Case Essay Dropbox was created in 2007 and launched to the public a year later. It was founded by Drew Houston and Arash Ferdowski; who were classmates together at MIT in the early 2000’s. The created a product that allows you to sync you computers together by using a cloud to share files between the different computers. At the time of creation there were existing products in the market but they believed that they created a product that would simplify the process as well as make it secure and reliable for the customers. Their plan was to differentiate themselves form their competitors based off these factors. For a customer of Dropbox it allows them to easily and reliably share files between their computers or devices. They believed that the existing products were unreliable and would only allow u to share a certain amount of files. Their product would be reliable and easy to use for the customers. They would also get a free 2G worth of space or could but additional space if they needed to. This is something seen by a few competitors but not all of them. They also created a product that can be used for both business and personal use. Dropbox will do something that also differentiates itself form their competitor. They will use Amazons server to provide the customers space the store files. This will be rented from Amazon and will drastically decrease the amount of money they spend to provide space. Owning their own servers will be costly to purchase and maintain for Dropbox. They also only hired engineers to their company in the early going to be able to continue to improve the technology they are providing. To keep improving their product they offered beta testers the opportunity to test the product and see how they like it. They also listened to their customers after the launched to see what they liked and did not like. This led them to develop a feature of the product that allows the customer to provide feedback to the company. They also observed users using the product to see if it fit the needs of a  basic user, which turned out to be very beneficial to the company. Dropbox launched their product in 2008. While the product was still in beta it began to gain customers through various websites and technological competitions for startup companies. This allowed Dropbox to get their name out there to the people who most likely are already using similar products or have the need for this product. When they launched the product they used the freemium business model where they offered free use for up to 2G of space and you could pay a premium for more space. They wanted to grow rapidly in the market to gain as big of market share as possible in the shortest amount of time. They also found great success from word of mouth referrals and viral marketing campaigns. Dropbox’s biggest problem they needed to solve early on was their customer acquisition rate. They found that in the early going to cost about 300 dollars per customer they had pay. This was due to the amount of free space given away to the amount that people were paying for. This does not set them up to be successful financially if it didn’t improve. Dropbox was able to figure this out and lower their costs but utilizing more word of mouth referrals. Dropbox was fortunate enough to have backers that supported their company in the early going with enough money to keep the company going until they could gain the following needed to decrease costs. They have a greater opportunity for profit then most of their competitors because of their use of Amazon’s server instead of buying and maintaining their own, especially with the decreasing rate of renting server space.

The Kongo and the Pygmy Tribes in the Modern Day Zaire Essay -- Explor

The Kongo and the Pygmy Tribes in the Modern Day Zaire The study of tribes in the Congo is a very confusing matter. Linguistic, regional and political divisions are all very prevalent characteristics of these people. Two tribes who speak the same unique language may be separated by thousands of miles. The three major linguistic groups are the Bantu, Central Sudanic, and Ubangian with Bantu being the most prevalent. 2000 to 3000 years ago large numbers of Bantu speaking people slowly but steadily began to migrate from modern day Sudan to the Congo basin, or modern day Zaire (www.nbufront.org). The original inhabitants of this area were the Pygmies, the diminutive forest people. I am going to focus on the two most celebrated of the Congo civilizations: the Kongo Kingdom and the Pygmy tribe. The Kingdom of the Kongo began as a small Bantu-speaking chiefdom founded by Ntinu Wene near the modern day town of Boma in the fourteenth century (Ranger pg. 29). The kingdom expanded rapidly through expansion and conquest of other small chiefdoms. Kingship was a pil...

My thoughts and reflections Essay

Sustainability I hadn’t considered the inter-plays that exist between the social, environmental and economic aspects of sustainability, I subscribe to the three pillars of sustainability (figure 1), that is each has an impact but they are independent of each other. Figure 1: Three pillars of sustainability Source: Wallis, A. M., Graymore, M. L. M., & Richards, A. J. (2011) p.596. Class discussions and research enabled me to see the interactions between these pillars and I started to contemplate sustainability more as an interactive process aligned with the three spheres of sustainability (figure 2) which I interpret as being of equal importance and that is you connect them all you will achieve sustainability. Figure 2: Three spheres of sustainability Source: Wallis, A. M., Graymore, M. L. M., & Richards, A. J. (2011) p.596. My ecological footprint gave me personal insights into my impact on the environment. I reflected on what I could do to reduce my footprint; an all-electric house, job with extensive car travel and I am a meat eater. What future was I leaving my children and what could I change? I could reduce my consumption of red meat, saving a planet, however the economic and social impact on our farmers for me outweighs the impact on the planet after all that is their livelihood. I can reduce my energy usage by turning appliances off at home and work and I can use technology for meetings to reduce my travel imprint. I watched a number of documentaries on natural disasters and asked myself why we have done nothing to prevent these and what have we learnt. I reflected  on the impact of the recent drought throughout Victoria. Ballarat almost ran out of potable water, our lake ran dry and tourism was in decline. This environmental event was impacting on our economy and the social impact was and is still being felt today. Human behavior changed, current water demand remains at levels of the 1930’s therefore I’ve concluded that humans need a crisis in order to change behaviour for the good of the environment. But have we really learnt from this, the drought of the 1930’s suggest not, evidence was there that we over used the land having a significant impact socially, economically and environmentally but yet natural disasters droughts still occur due to inadequate consideration of all aspects of sustainability. Worldviews and values A light bulb moment – I hadn’t considered sustainability worldviews. Was I more inclined to lean towards the atomistic (individual-centred) view or the holistic (earth-centred) view? On reflection I think for me it is both, unless you hold strong beliefs one way or the other I believe we hover in between; we all interpret data differently based on our starting assumptions and values and are less likely to change our worldview. In particular I reflected on Indigenous Australians who hold to a traditional value, the land is sacred to them; by holding this view they have a positive impact on the environment; they only take what they need, they give back and believe in the spirit of the land. They didn’t need politicians to develop policies and legislation to make them reduce their carbon emissions or to look after the land. I am faced with the dilemma of how we as a nation can make a difference; it appears that I have more questions than I have answers. Sustainability phases Most organisations are slow adapters to change and usually do so as a result of compliance activities being enforced upon them due to new or reformed legislation, a good example of this is OH&S legislation in Australia. Are we doing enough through education to ensure the next generation of leaders will consider sustainability more than a buzz word? We have created a throwaway  society, landfill is becoming scarce and yet our propensity to have the latest gadget is not decreasing, locally, nationally and internationally we need to look at ways in which we can recycle or reuse the materials on a large scale that has a positive impact on the planet. Another light bulb moment came when we researched companies that we believe are sustainable and consider what phase of sustainability they are in. We looked at Acciona Energy and concluded that they are in sustaining corporation phase as they are paving the way in sustainability. Not all would agree as there are people in Ballarat who are opposed to wind farms and their worldviews are strong in the belief the turbines are more harmful to your health and nothing will persuade them otherwise. This re-emphasises that our assumptions and values in many ways holds much stronger than any evidence that may be presented to us that may refute our views. My journey I have discussed and debated the values I hold and how by changing one small thing we can make a difference to our ecological footprint. If everyone made one small change in their lifestyle it may grow into something that will impact positively on the planet; e.g. Earth hour which started as a national event and is now a global phenomenon. I’ve planted a vegetable garden, my meat consumption has decreased and I actively shop for locally produced vegetables and fruit. I have moved my thinking to that of the ‘bullseye’ model (figure 3) which â€Å"shows that the human system, which is broken up into social and economic systems, must stay within the capacity of the social system to be sustainable.† (Wallis, A. M., Graymore, M. L. M., & Richards, A. J. 2011. p.597) Figure 3: Bullseye model Source: Wallis, A. M., Graymore, M. L. M., & Richards, A. J. (2011) p.598. I have contemplated how we move sustainability from a buzz word without introducing legislation which may not change people’s worldview. I work in the not-for-profit sector we are at the compliance phase of sustainability,  we can move to the efficiency phase by building the capacity of our community leaders; raising their awareness of sustainability, allowing them to experience the impact of their decisions and making a change that positively impacts the environment. I have seen sustainable behavioural change occur; such as water demand, if the reason for change is compelling but we have to recognise that change is a journey and for each of us we have to subscribe to the view that we want to change. Bibliography Wallis, A. M., Graymore, M. L. M., & Richards, A. J. (2011) Significance of environment in the assessment of sustainable development: The case for south west victoria. Ecological Economics, 70(4), 595-605.

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Essay

According to Atlas (2008), Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a multidisciplinary approach to prevent criminal behavior through environmental design. In order to achieve deterrence effects of criminal behavior, CPTED strategies have been designed to rely on their ability to influence offender’s decision that precedes criminal acts. Therefore CPTED can be seen as an approach to problem solving that takes into account the environmental conditions and the opportunities they offer for criminal behavior occurrence (Cornish and Clarke 1986). Thereafter, it utilizes those perceived opportunities responsible for causing crimes to control access, provide opportunity to see and to be seen and defines ownership while encouraging territory maintenance (Luedtke et al, 1970). In this context CPTED approach to criminology differs greatly from other policing approaches in the sense that CPTED focuses on design in crime prevention unlike other approaches that employ target hardening. Furthermore, CPTED encourage crime prevention through design and place, while policing values effective response to crime incidences by identification and arresting the offenders (Kruger and Liebermann, 2001). In this regard, crime prevention through environmental design can be considered to be slightly different from traditional policing, but its consistent with problem- oriented policing in four ways: first, touches on the broad scope of problem and not crime only; second, involves systematic analysis of crime factors, events and conditions that fosters crime occurrence; third, leads to design of proactive strategies tailored to problem and the specific geographical locations; fourth, involves all stakeholders and makes them active participants for the program for sake of long–term achievement and improvement (Cornish and Clarke 1986). However, it should be noted that CPTED approach focus on design and not safety, and on productive use not security. Therefore this unique focus makes it people centered as opposed to the view that it is police responsibility. However, the tool of design and techniques fall purview of policing prompting it to be a team effort, and thus police participate in the program but do not necessarily control. Historical evolution since 1970s The origin and formulation leading to emergence of CPTED was initially done by criminologist Jeffery Ray who termed it as defensible space and later on it was improved on by architect Newman Oscar (Jeffery1977; Newman1972). It’s a point of worth to note that both Newman and Jeffery were building on the work of Elizabeth Wood. By 1990s Jeffery and Newman models were expanded to involve a multidisciplinary with Newman`s model limiting itself to the built environment. But by 2004, the adopted CPTED model s were those of Newman and Crowe, since Jeffery model was more of psychology and biology and could not fully support the 2nd generation CPTED (Jeffery1977; Newman1972; Crowe, 2000). Furthermore, in 2005 CPTED has gained internationally recognition and acceptance with dropping off Jeffery `s notion of offender’s internal environment (Jeffery1977 Crowe, 2000). The theoretically foundation evolution of CPTED can be traced back in 1960s when Elizabeth Wood developed guidelines aimed at addressing security issues when she was working with Chicago housing authority (Clarke, 1992). In her guidelines, she emphasized on the design that would lead to supporting natural surveillability, though Elizabeth’s ideas were never implemented, they evolved into simple implementation such as street lights to distinguish between outlaws and thieves from legitimate travelers (Luedtke et al, 1970). Today, evolution of theories and research behind CPTED design are rooted in the environmental criminology theories which explain the relationship between place and crime; and also borrow some ideas from rational theories focusing on situational prevention (Clarke, 1992). Both cluster of theories focus on the crime events and how criminal understand and use environmental to their advantage to commit crimes. This evolution in research and theoretical foundation has played a central role in informing strategic design to employ. Strategies utilized in CPTED Strategies formulation in relation to CPTED approach are rooted in the theoretical foundation and scholarly research conducted by criminologists. Crowe (2000) reports that the central tenet used to arrive at the strategies is the analysis of crime and the environment where it occur using an analytic question â€Å"why here†. Furthermore, such analyses have proved that: crimes are specific and situational; crime distribution correlates to land use and transport network; and offenders are usually optimistic and commits crime in place they know well (Atlas, 2008). Moreover, these analyses reveal that opportunities for crime arise out of daily activities and crime places that are often without observer. In reaction to the analyses, criminologists who are proponents of CPTED designed necessary strategies in line with the findings. These are; Natural surveillance, target hardening, terrestrial reinforcement and natural access control (Newman1972; Crowe, 2000) Territorial reinforcement This is physical design that extends a sphere of influence that enhances users to develop sense of territorial control while potential criminals are discouraged while perceiving these controls (Goldstein, 1990). This is promoted and facilitated by features defining property line such as public and private, signs, pavement designs, or gardens well maintained indicate someone takes care of it. This ensures that only persons that belong to a particular place are their. Target hardening Target hardening strategy in CPTED is usually accomplished by features that prohibit access or entry (Kruger and Liebermann, 2001). These features can include locks, interior door hinges or dead bolt for door, gates units points of entry to certain place, fences, trees line, support of alarm system is also useful and can reinforce the design (Cohen, 1979). Natural surveillance These are programs designed aiming at keeping offenders or intruders observable, this is attained by place design that gives an opportunity to see site perimeter or designs that facilitate to see or/and be seen (Kruger and Liebermann, 2001). It is usually achieved through sufficient lighting that enables to observe activities and individuals, building location and orientation, windows that offer two way views. The design features that facilitate natural surveillance need to be supported by observer or CCTV to maximize its effectiveness (Atlas, 2008). Natural access control This strategy aims at decreasing crime opportunity by employing design that denies access to crime targets while at the same time creating a risk perception in criminals (Goldstein, 1990). The strategy is achieved through street designs like side walks, entrance construction and neighbor’s gates; in order to prohibit entrance to private places that discourages ill motives. However, the essence and usefulness of the strategies used in CPTED is not in their effective design, but rather in their implementation and application to offer desired goal (Cornish and Clarke 1986). It`s indisputable that application of CPTED to community has resulted to impressive results that Atlas (2008) reports that accounts to 40% decline in crimes occurrence and prevalence in areas where it has been implemented, this has been accrued to design that minimizes criminal behaviors while encouraging individuals to keep eye on each other, therefore proper implementation is critical to program success. Application and Implementation of CPTED The problem solving approach that uses CPTED is applied in a series of steps that are designed to respond to: what is the problem? Why here? What can be done to solve it? And how well do we solve the problem? (Kruger and Liebermann, 2001) In order to address and satisfy these hypothetical questions in analyzing a crime scene to inform prevention through CPTED approach, application and implementation is usually done through four phases. These four phases of application as stipulated by Goldstein (1990) are: scanning, analyzing, response and assessment (Table1. Application and implementation phases). These phases of application and implementation stages addresses environmental design issues that are critical to applying CPTED strategies in order to solve security problems. Importantly, various factors ought to be considered when applying the program in relation to specific locations and circumstances. As Atlas (2008) acknowledges, easy said than done also do apply to implementation of CPTED program. Challenges in implementing CPTED Like any other project, implementation is usually engulfed in normal problems that face any change process not mentioning resistance. However, the major problems that can be conceptualized in the implementation process of CPTED program are two. First, time allocation for the program implementation may hamper realization of the project goals (Cohen, 1979; Goldstein, 1990). This is in the sense that sometimes time allocated for the implementation of the program may require additional of a longer duration as a result of complexities arising from project implementation while impacting a larger geographical area with a larger number of stakeholders (Table2. Stakeholders involved in CPTED implementation). Secondly, the cost of implementing CPTED program requires significant capital investment (Cohen, 1979) that is really a barrier. However, the challenges of implementation are inventible, yet they can be solved through efficient and effective leadership, increased participation and involvement, and wider consultation with all stakeholders for any given CPTED program.

Free Essays on Symbolism Vs. Truth

Symbolism vs. Truth When society allows the manipulation of a sincerely earnest event, during a time when the people of this country long for relief; my inner being becomes greatly enraged. "Serious people with serious purpose": Kathleen Parker has summed the reaction of our society on 9-11-01 as a whole. Political correctness was nowhere insight when the thousands of people united with tremendous strength, absent of ethnics and colors, to overcome the mortal terror of losing our freedom. Everything has a symbolic meaning in one way or another, but the truth has only one–reality. Symbolizing the memorable photo of three New York City firefighters raising the American flag atop a pile of rubble at Ground Zero into a statue honoring the 343 fellow firefighters this country lost on 9-11 is a true show of Americanism, as long as this statue duplicates the actual photographic event. Kathleen Parker in, "Statue puts symbolism over truth", The Peoria Journal Star, Section A. 2, expresses her opini ons on symbolism over truth; I support her opinions fully, based on my beliefs and values of truth always being put first. Changing the reflection of three firefighters to symbolize the ethnic content in the fire department would be an unmerciful attempt to rob these men of the recognition for their loyalty, bravery, and respect that they deserve and a gross effort to take away their true God given identities. Haulk 2 With one notable difference. The three firefighters are still men (an oversight, I'm sure), but they are no longer white (Parker 2002). Three white men now become white, black, and Hispanic. Discrimination is evident by the idea of changing these men from white men to other ethnics and colors. Had the men been black, the outcome very well may have been different. Undeniably, this is a show of ethnics over honor, these three firefighters found a way to honor the many lives that were taken on 9-11 and the politically corr... Free Essays on Symbolism Vs. Truth Free Essays on Symbolism Vs. Truth Symbolism vs. Truth When society allows the manipulation of a sincerely earnest event, during a time when the people of this country long for relief; my inner being becomes greatly enraged. "Serious people with serious purpose": Kathleen Parker has summed the reaction of our society on 9-11-01 as a whole. Political correctness was nowhere insight when the thousands of people united with tremendous strength, absent of ethnics and colors, to overcome the mortal terror of losing our freedom. Everything has a symbolic meaning in one way or another, but the truth has only one–reality. Symbolizing the memorable photo of three New York City firefighters raising the American flag atop a pile of rubble at Ground Zero into a statue honoring the 343 fellow firefighters this country lost on 9-11 is a true show of Americanism, as long as this statue duplicates the actual photographic event. Kathleen Parker in, "Statue puts symbolism over truth", The Peoria Journal Star, Section A. 2, expresses her opini ons on symbolism over truth; I support her opinions fully, based on my beliefs and values of truth always being put first. Changing the reflection of three firefighters to symbolize the ethnic content in the fire department would be an unmerciful attempt to rob these men of the recognition for their loyalty, bravery, and respect that they deserve and a gross effort to take away their true God given identities. Haulk 2 With one notable difference. The three firefighters are still men (an oversight, I'm sure), but they are no longer white (Parker 2002). Three white men now become white, black, and Hispanic. Discrimination is evident by the idea of changing these men from white men to other ethnics and colors. Had the men been black, the outcome very well may have been different. Undeniably, this is a show of ethnics over honor, these three firefighters found a way to honor the many lives that were taken on 9-11 and the politically corr...

10 qualities to include in a leadership essay

10 qualities to include in a leadership essay While writing your term paper, if you’re asked to write an essay on leadership, how will you begin? Will you define leadership from the Oxford Dictionary, will you begin by referring to your favorite leader’s qualities or will you outline the general characteristics that you think will make a leader? Well, if you are in doubt, please know that it is fine to begin the essay with any of the above methods.   The important aspect to keep in mind is that you’re describing a quality and you should supplement it with ample examples, references and if possible, quotes. The introduction to your essay is obviously the place to hold and capture your reader’s attention, so make sure whatever you write makes the reader curious enough to read through the entire essay. Also, remember that writing a leadership essay encompasses many different aspects – like leadership styles, leadership development, types of leadership, successful leadership, leadership principles and values etc. Before beginning your essay, make a draft about what aspect you want to highlight upon. Your prescribed essay length should help you decide how much you can include and how many aspects you can briefly allude to. Leadership is not just about commanding people, but it is also about following them, and listening to them. One does not always have to be a commander, a chief or a boss to be a great leader. A great leader can also be one who has total command and control over his life, his words, his deeds and actions, and who helps others help themselves. There are lots of great qualities in a leader that you can choose from and elaborate on them with examples. For instance, 10 great leadership qualities that most people agree should be present in a leader are: Empathy Dedication Sincerity Passionate about his beliefs Puts people’s interests above his own Responsibility and ownership Self motivated Ability to influence Ability to lead Ability to teach An effective leader can be humble and strong at the same time, teach and learn at the same time, give credit to his followers and command respect at the same time. To be prepared on writing a leadership essay, you can also read biography essays of great leaders. You can also build up your knowledge by reading on different leadership strategies and how they affected people in various stages in life. To make your leadership essay more interesting, also try to compare two very different kinds of leaders and provide an analysis of what made them successful or unsuccessful as leaders. Remember to conclude your essay with a statement on what you learned from the lives of great leaders.

Global Impacts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Global Impacts - Essay Example Louis Vuitton is a luxury fashion and leather goods company headquartered in Paris and France. (Louis Vuitton) India is fast becoming an international fashion destination, coordinating efforts with international designers so that Indian designers are exposed internationally and foreign designs are exposed in India. (Business Desk, 2009) However, there are a number of internal and external environmental factors with respect to marketing strategies that Louis Vuitton will be required to take into account for the purpose of adapting to and entering the India market. Each of these factors will be examined in this essay. In order to facilitate a smooth transition into the Indian business environment Louis Vuitton will be required to understand the cultural differences. The Hofstede Model of Cultural Dimensions can act as a useful guideline for determining the cultural differences in India and what can be done in the business organization to accommodate those differences. Hofstede identified five cultural dimensions that are relevant for global marketing strategies. The first cultural dimension on Hofstede's cultural dimension scale is Power Distance Index (PDI). PDI draws on the level of equity and inequity among the population in a nation's society. High Power Distance Index will mean that power and wealth is distributed at a high rate of inequality in that society. In this regard citizens are generally denied upward growth. Low Power Distance typically means that the society is driven by equal opportunities ambitions.(Hofstede, 2001) According to Hofstede's Power Distance Index, India ranks 77 which is high. However, it is not that far ahead of France's PDI which is at 68 (Hofstede's Dimension of Culture Scale) The average PDI around the globe is 56. (Hofstede's Dimension of Culture Scale) The difficulty with countries showing high PDI rankings for businesses is that the individual from that culture will typically defer to higher authority for a decision even if they are aware that something is terribly wrong and what measures are required to correct it. The Korean Air crash in Guam is one example of the consequences of a high PDI ranking. In this scenario, the pilot made an error which the co-pilot was aware of, but deferred to the pilot's decision who was his superior.(Gladwell, 2008) For the purposes of internal organization of the business office in India, Indian employees are likely to adhere to the power structure within the organization. Even so, a high PDI is also indicative of fear of and ambivalence toward anything foreign.(Chan and Cheung, 2008) The second of Hofstede's cultural dimension is Individualism (IDV). IDV emphasises the level with which the particular society focuses on either individual or collective relationships and achievements. A country with a high IDV ranking is generally one in which the emphasis is on individuality and individual rights. Persons within in high IDV countries gravitate toward more relaxed relationships. Conversely, low IDV rankings are typically characterised by collectivism and more tightly woven relationships between persons. Low ranking IDV countries typically focus on families and a collective approach toward looking out for the members within in their tightly woven circle.(Hofstede, 2001) India's IDV ranking is 48 and relatively low when compared to France which is at 71.

Watercooler Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Watercooler - Research Paper Example Managements must therefore learn of the diversified characteristics of different pools of human resource and strategies to interacting with them. Managements also face the challenge of transferring human resource from one cultural set up and integrating it in another set up, and incorporating learnt knowledge from one culture into another, observations that complicates human resource management in the globalized corporate environment (Dewhurst, Harris and Heywood, 2012). Hofstede who reports on diversity of the globalized environment’s human resource similarly identifies this challenge. The author notes that while domestic environments such as within the United States exhibits homogeneity in human resource characteristics, the international set up such as the wider Europe has diversifies cultures that affect human resource behaviors. Human resource theories also apply selectively across different pools of human resource as applicable theories in the United States may not apply in other countries (Hofstede, 1993). The two articles therefore identify diversity in human resource as a challenge in the global set up. The two readings however demonstrate different approaches to managing diversity in the global environments and associated uncertainties to the diversities. Dewhurst et al. identifies a probabilistic approach to embracing involved risks. They identify a culture in which managers and leaders are not selected because of their understanding of the local environment. Their selection is instead based on the assumption that a manager can operate, universally, in the global set up (2012). This is contrary to Hofstede’s opinion that effective management is attained through incorporation of locals in managing a foreign culture (Hofstede,

Qualitative Article Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qualitative Article Review - Research Paper Example The case method can be effective in conducting an in depth analysis of the classroom activities. Case based method of instruction provides teachers with several opportunities to consider the difficulties of teaching and learning process from a different point of view. This method also develops critical thinking and reflection in teachers. Therefore, Stevens et al used a case study to elicit teachers content knowledge, their ability to identify student misconceptions as well as conducting critical reflection. Stevens et al drew nine participants five women and four men, with ages ranging from 31 to over 60 years. These participants participated in the workshop and completed the Q methodology. The participants had an experience of over seven years teaching at public schools and eleven years of higher education teaching. Stevens et al developed concourse statements relevant to the mathematics development workshop. The team members discussed the teaching strategies and materials that wer e to be used. The members developed 12 statements that represented the activities related to the conceptual knowledge. The participants arranged the statement in terms of preference. They arranged the ones they feel helped them in conceptual development. Stevens et al conducted Correlation coefficients to compare the manner in which individual participants sorted the statements for each Q set. He conducted Principal components Analysis to identify the number of components present in the data.

Festingers Social Comparison Theory Psychology Essay

Festingers Social Comparison Theory Psychology Essay In this essay we are asked to look at Festingers social comparison theory and its findings, applications, methodologies and theoretical approaches since its birth. We are asked to illustrate our understandings with reference to literature. Social comparison theory assumes that people tend to evaluate their successes, failures and opinions in relation to others (Festinger, 1954). This may occur with reference to a physical reality; what is happening at a particular moment in time relative to ones perceptions of anothers abilities. Take for example if someone can run a 6 minute mile he or she cannot know this is good or bad without comparing this time with other runners. It may also take place with reference to an objective evaluation, for example a comparison between two assignments with similar grades. Festinger (1954) postulates that there is an innate drive within human beings to compare themselves with outside images and assess their abilities in line with their assessments of others who are similar on the same tasks. Following on from Festingers (1954) original theory according to Kruglanski Mayseless (1990) people prefer to compare themselves with people who are similar to themselves as it tends to result in a mo re accurate evaluation. For example the runner would take into account age and sex of other runners and make comparisons based on this knowledge. Social comparisons are defined as comparative judgements made about a stimulus from the environment. They are context dependent (Kruglanski Mayseless, 1990). There are three levels of analysis to Social Comparative Theory. Firstly a judgemental process must exist before comparisons can be made. Social comparisons are made up of categorisations and comparative judgements about the self. The third level is the most specific of the three and is composed of the content of the comparison whether it is in the domain of comparison for example in sporting competition; levels of achievement with reference to age and gender may be taken into consideration, as outlined by the runner example(Kruglanski et al., 1990). There are two main kinds of social comparison; upwards and downwards social comparisons. Upwards comparisons occur when an individual compares itself to someone who they believe to be better off than themselves. Downwards social comparisons occur when people compare themselves to people they believe to be worse off than themselves. Festinger (1954) proposes that people who engage in downwards social comparisons do so in order to maintain their self esteem and buffer their self evaluations. Upwards social comparisons supposedly exhibit more negative effects such as lowered levels of self-esteem. These processes will be discussed later. There have been many components to Festingers original theory that still remain intact but the scope of social comparison theory has been extended to a vast array of psychological domains and its implications have been applied to a variety of settings. How SCT findings, methodologies and theorising has evolved since Festingers 1954 publication Festingers original theory has undergone a number of changes over the years particularly in relation to its extension towards cognitive psychology. Since its founding the theory has been accepted to be more complex than originally thought. For example new dimensions of the theory have been suggested. Revisions include en empirical emphasis on motivations and drives, self enhancement, perceptions of self esteem, self esteem buffering, perceived target closeness, components of closure to name but a few (Kruglanski et al., 1987; Corning, 2002, Gerrard, Gibbibs, Lane Stock, 2005). According to Suls, Martin Wheeler (2002) social comparisons serve as a defence mechanism to protect ones self evaluation. Self enhancement depends on a number of variables such as whether the person compares upwardly or downwardly. If a person compares his or her own abilities in relation to people perceived to be lower than the individual this may act as a buffer to maintain the person sense of self worth and esteem. In the educational domain, people that are less academically driven prefer downwards social comparisons to prevent them from felling bad about bad results (Blankton et al., 1999). Research suggests that people have varying responses to social comparisons and these depend upon the perceived closeness of the target and the perceiver, and the importance of the particular domain of categorisation or expertise owned by the perceiver (Tesser, 1988; Suls et al., 2002). Several other models have been introduced to extend Festingers (1954) original theory. Social comparisons proxy model as proposed by Wheeler, Martin Suls (1997) refers to a situation in which people use social comparisons to assess their abilities in relation to an unfamiliar task. To illustrate, Wheeler et al., (1997) offers the example of a person considering pursuing a university degree. Social comparisons are made between the person and others who are currently in university. If the proxy (experienced other) is similar to how they perceive themselves on average they are more likely to pursue the goal. Amount of effort needed to pursue goal is an important indicator of the outcome and often other related attributes are perceived irrelevant (Suls et al., 2002). There seems to be sufficient evidence to support this theory. A model that has been derived from SCT is the Relative Deprivation Theory as proposed by Davis (1959). This model provides a conceptual framework for personal perceptions of discrimination and deprivation. Davis (1959) postulates that this process helps people cope with social deprivation, people tend to assess their levels of deprivation by comparing their situation with those around them. In India because of the inflexibility of the Caste system people often compared themselves downwardly in order to deal with their present state of poverty, for example those living in the slums would compare themselves to the sewage dwellers or pavement people. This acts as a buffer for people to cope better with their unchangeable circumstances. The applications of Festingers (1954) theory are vast. The implications have many important effects particularly for health psychology. Research suggests that when a threat is involved downward social comparisons help people cope better. For breast cancer patients it was found that patients who preferred downwards social comparisons dealt with their illness much better (Taylor, Wood Lichman, 1983). Likewise, according to Meta analysis, comparisons of the self to others in relation to appearance can lead to body dissatisfaction which correlates strongly with eating disorders (Myers Crowther, 2009). In conjunction with Meta Analysis Corning, Kruum Smithans (2006) study looking at social comparisons and eating disorder symptoms found that women who engage in everyday social comparisons were more likely to exhibit eating disorder symptoms, and also found that self esteem was also a predictor of disorders. Research reveals that social comparisons can also predict success in cessation o f smoking behaviours (Gerrard, Gibbons, Lane Stock, 2005). People that dissociate themselves from other smokers or the target behaviour are more likely to give up smoking in comparison to those who do not. When a decrease in downwards comparisons to smoking exists, smokers are more likely to quit. Social comparison theory has also been applied to an academic setting. Research suggests that upwards social comparisons can predict success in an academic environment. Gibbons, Benbow Gerrard (1994) found that gifted students preferred to compare themselves with those who did the best in the class on receiving a high grade. Conversely, if students received a poor mark they preferred downwards comparisons. This inconsistency is considered by the researchers to represent a form of buffering of the self concept and esteem. Research conducted by Blankton, Buunk, Gibbons Kuyper (1999) found that overall those who preferred upwards social comparisons did better in end of term grades. Interaction between affect and social comparison Comparisons may involve affective and cognitive components. The Wheeler Miyake (1992) study that incorporated the Rochester Social Comparison Record (RSCS) scale found several important findings conveying the importance of the cognitive and affective component. Firstly the comparison direction, either upwards or downwards; depended on the perceivers relationship with the target. It also found evidence for a cognitive component to the theory, that is to say, priming mood effects the directional movement of social comparisons. Schacter (1959) proposes that people make comparisons by evaluating emotions. In a number of experiments he found that fear evoked participants to want to be in a situation where someone else was experiencing the same feelings. This has been explained as a self evaluative component similar to what Festinger outlines in his original theory (Schacter, 1959). Conversely, Goethals Darley (1977) suggest that values are a component people make social comparisons base d upon. Priming of a negative mood led to more upward social comparisons. Wills (1981) found that inducing threat leads to more downwards social comparisons this is explained as downwards comparisons serve to increase positive affect, mood, boost esteem and may reduce anxiety. Another study found that comparisons can lead to an induction of a positive or negative feeling (Buunk, Collins, Taylor, VanYperen Dakof, 1990). Downwards social comparisons increased peoples subjective well-being and an opposite effect was found for the upwards comparison (Wheeler et al., 1992). Being primed with either a threatening ego or self-esteem booster condition has a significant effect on individual social comparisons. When an ego boost is induced people tend to prefer upwards social comparisons and can this can predict behaviour i.e. individuals exhibited increased ability on a task. The opposite effect was found for an induced threat, similarly to Buunk et als. (1990) findings. Thus it has been co ncluded that motivations to maintain a positive self evaluation reflects performance on tasks (Johnson Stapel, 2007). Lastly people who exhibited high self esteem tended to engage in more self-enhancement comparisons (Wheeler et al., 1992). There seems to be a ubiquitous consensus that SCT exists but the exact dimensions of the theory are contested. The methodologies used tended to be mostly qualitative and really not applicable to the natural world. According to Wheeler Myiake (1992) existing methodologies for studying social comparisons have focused primarily on retrospective accounts and specify that an experience sampling measure should be adapted to account for social comparisons as they occur in naturalistic settings. In their 1992 study they describe a qualitative method of measuring SCT called the Rochester Social Comparison Record (RSCR) (Wheeler et al., 1992). Discussion Conclusion It has been assumed that social comparison theory is a pervasive and ubiquitous phenomenon in everyday life. However, there still needs to be a lot of work conducted in this area particulary in relation to directional comparisons and their implications (Buunk et al., 1990). Albeit, despite revisions on social comparison theory the fundamental building blocks of Festingers (1954) original theoretical framework remains the same. The self evaluative component is important for this theory (Suls et al., 2002). As proposed by Festinger (1954) people make evaluations of their own behaviours in relation to others that they perceive are similar, this aspect has remained untainted. There seems to be evidence for this drive like ambition for humans to compare themselves in relation to others (Festinger, 1954). There seems to be a distinct cognitive component to social comparison theory. Suls et al. (2002) propose that comparisons are made uniformly across all domains and are not exponentially context driven. Priming can effect comparative judgements (Wills, 1992; Schacter, 1959). Current research in this domain outline that comparative knowledge depends on the motivations of the comparator and are dependent upon a number of situational, cultural and personality facets. Kruglanski et al., (1990) posit that motivational factors, perceived relevance, and availability heuristics all have an important role in whether the evaluative dimension relates to similar or different others. The work on social comparison theory has been extended to practical applications to health, counselling psychology and educational psychology. Over all social comparison theory has had a major impact in Psychology. Its implications and applications have been extended to many branches of psychology and undoubtedly the full extent of its pervasiveness have yet to be uncovered.